蓝标
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- 2009-8-27
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- 2024-5-8
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北欧的公共卫生体系建设史全球领先的,居民健康档案齐全。这个地区,如挪威、瑞典、丹麦等国家,其公共医学方面的论文一直以客观、可靠著称。和中国的造假成风完全不是一回事。
该地区的烟草消费者也比较多。一直以来,当地的卫生研究人员对抽烟者和费抽烟者的健康状况和生存分析进行了大量、长期的研究。
我想,有必要把这些研究的主要结论和大家分享,以解决长期以来部分中心中的斗争:烟斗、卷烟、雪茄,到底哪个危害更小?
根据1996挪威的一篇研究,这个研究对16000多的人群进行了长达18年的跟踪分析,终于得出了“三者均有害”的结论。仔细说来,同时抽卷烟和烟斗(或雪茄)的人群,危害最大,单纯抽卷烟次之,抽烟斗或雪茄者,危害最小。
MAIN RESULTS: Results of proportional hazards regression analysis adjusted for age, diastolic blood pressure, and glucose concentration showed the following rate ratios (RR) (95% confidence interval) of smoking groups compared with those who had never smoked or had previously smoked: combined cigarette and cigar or pipe smokers, RR = 6.1 (3.0, 12.5); cigarettes only, RR = 4.1 (2.3,7.4); and pipe and/or cigars only RR = 2.2 (0.9,5.5). The overall, age adjusted risk of smoking cigarettes daily was 3.5 and was found to increase with increasing cigarette consumption. Regardless of their smoking group, stroke cases had increased diastolic (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) when compared with men who had not had a stroke. The absolute differences in DBP and SBP between stroke cases and others for never and previous cigarette smokers versus daily smokers were twice as large: DBP, 12.1 mmHg versus 6.5 mmHg respectively and SBP, 16.0 mmHg versus 7.1 mmHg respectively. A high BMI increased the risk of fatal stroke of never and previous cigarette smokers. Men being treated for hypertension at the time of screening had three times the crude risk of fatal stroke of men who were not taking hypertensive treatment.
学过医学统计的人都知道,上述研究中,抽烟斗的患者危险度相对非抽烟者为2.2倍(95%可信区间为0.9-5.5),因为这个95%区间包含了1,所以从统计学角度,尚不能认为抽烟斗明显增加了患病率。而其他二种情形(及卷烟和混抽),其可信区间均大于1,故认为患病率明显增加。 |
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